The kinetics of iodide oxidation by the manganese oxide mineral birnessite     

Patricia M. Fox  James A. Davis 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(10):2850-11620

The kinetics of iodide (I⁻) and molecular iodine (I₂) oxidation by the manganese oxide mineral birnessite (δ-MnO₂) was investigated over the pH range 4.5-6.25. I⁻ oxidation to iodate proceeded as a two-step reaction through an I₂ intermediate. The rate of the reaction varied with both pH and birnessite concentration, with faster oxidation occurring at lower pH and higher birnessite concentration. The disappearance of I⁻ from solution was first order with respect to I⁻ concentration, pH, and birnessite concentration, such that −d[I⁻]/dt = k[I⁻][H⁺][MnO₂], where k, the third order rate constant, is equal to 1.08 ± 0.06 × 10⁷ M⁻² h⁻¹. The data are consistent with the formation of an inner sphere I⁻ surface complex as the first step of the reaction, and the adsorption of I⁻ exhibited significant pH dependence. Both I₂, and to a lesser extent, sorbed to birnessite. The results indicate that iodine transport in mildly acidic groundwater systems may not be conservative. Because of the higher adsorption of the oxidized I species I₂ and , as well as the biophilic nature of I₂, redox transformations of iodine must be taken into account when predicting I transport in aquifers and watersheds.  相似文献   

Influence of anthropogenic combustion emissions on the deposition of soluble aerosol iron to the ocean: Empirical estimates for island sites in the North Atlantic     

Edward R. Sholkovitz  Peter N. Sedwick 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(14):3981-3081

The results of several recent studies challenge the reigning paradigm that continental soil dust provides the only significant atmospheric source of dissolved iron to the surface ocean. This evidence includes correlations between the operational solubility of aerosol iron and atmospheric loadings of black carbon and aluminum-normalized vanadium and nickel, each of which are associated with emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel oil. These observations suggest that the relative solubility of aerosol iron, hence the eolian flux of soluble iron to the surface ocean, may be significantly impacted by anthropogenic oil combustion products. Using recent field data from the Bermuda region, we have developed an empirical method to estimate the solubility of aerosol iron using bulk aerosol concentrations of Fe, V and Al. We apply this method to a large body of published data from the AEROCE program for North Atlantic island sites on Tenerife, Barbados, Bermuda and Ireland, where the relative proportions of anthropogenic aerosols range from minor to major, respectively. Our aerosol iron solubility estimates suggest that anthropogenic emissions contribute approximately 70% and 85% of the annual dry deposition of soluble iron to the surface ocean near Bermuda and Ireland, respectively, implying that human activities have profoundly affected the iron budget of the North Atlantic region. The annual mean dry deposition of soluble iron at Barbados and Izana is dominated by soil dust. The anthropogenic contribution at these two sites ranges from 12% to 30% and is highly dependent on the soil dust solubility of Fe employed in the model. The low end (∼12%) estimate appears to be more representative of these high-dust sites.  相似文献   

Background studies for acoustic neutrino detection at the South Pole     

《Astroparticle Physics》2012,35(6):312-324

The detection of acoustic signals from ultra-high energy neutrino interactions is a promising method to measure the flux of cosmogenic neutrinos expected on Earth. The energy threshold for this process depends strongly on the absolute noise level in the target material. The South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS), deployed in the upper part of four boreholes of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, has monitored the noise in Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole for more than two years down to 500 m depth. The noise is very stable and Gaussian distributed. Lacking an in situ calibration up to now, laboratory measurements have been used to estimate the absolute noise level in the 10-50 kHz frequency range to be smaller than 20 mPa. Using a threshold trigger, sensors of the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup registered acoustic events in the IceCube detector volume and its vicinity. Acoustic signals from refreezing IceCube holes and from anthropogenic sources have been used to test the localization of acoustic events. An upper limit on the neutrino flux at energies E_ν > 10¹¹ GeV is derived from acoustic data taken over eight months.  相似文献   

Long-term precipitation and stream discharge records at seven forested experimental watersheds along a latitudinal transect in Japan: Jozankei,Kamabuchi, Takaragawa,Tsukuba, Tatsunokuchi-yama,Kahoku and Sarukawa     

Takanori Shimizu  Koji Tamai  Ikuhiro Hosoda  Shoji Noguchi  Yuji Kominami  Toshio Abe  Kenzo Kitamura  Ushio Kurokawa  Delphis F. Levia  Tayoko Kubota  Naoki Kabeya  Shin'ichi Iida  Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro  Shinji Sawano  Sho Iwagami  Akira Shimizu  Yoshio Tsuboyama 《水文研究》2021,35(10):e14376

This data note introduces a database of long-term daily total precipitation and stream discharge data for seven forested watersheds in Japan that have been continuously monitored by the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. Three of the watersheds started data collection in the 1930s. Forest cover across the sites ranges from cool to warm temperate regions with the latitude spanning from 31 to 44° N and annual precipitation ranging from 1200 to 3000 mm yr⁻¹. The effects of vegetation change via clearcutting, thinning and forest fire (among other stressors) on stream discharge can be analysed from the long-term observation sites. Moreover, this multi-site dataset allows for inter- and intra-site comparisons of annual water loss (difference of annual precipitation and stream discharge). These long-term datasets can provide comprehensive insights into the effects of climate change and other stressors on forested ecosystems, not only in Japan but across a spectrum of forest types, if combined with other long-term records from other forested watersheds across the world.  相似文献   

Bed load transport under irregular waves plus current from Monte Carlo simulations of parameterized models with application to ripple migration rates observed in the field     

《Coastal Engineering》2004,51(2):155-172

The bed load transport rate under random waves plus current has been predicted for a large range of wave–current conditions. A parameterized model valid for regular waves plus current has been used in Monte Carlo simulations, assuming the wave amplitudes to be Rayleigh distributed. The mean value, standard deviation and numerical estimates of the probability density function of the bed load transport rate are presented for a wide range of wave–current conditions. It appears that overall the effect of the current is dominating the bed load transport rate. Moreover, a significant scatter of the bed load transport rate under random waves plus current is found. Such a scatter is also found in field measurements by Amos et al. [J. Coast. Res. 15 (1999) 1]. Predicted ripple migration rates in the bed load regime have been compared with those obtained from field measurements by Amos et al. [J. Coast. Res. 15 (1999) 1], taking the bed load transport rate to be proportional to the ripple migration rate times the ripple height. Overall, the predictions capture the qualitative as well as the quantitative behaviour of the ripple migration rates in a wide range of wave–current conditions; the ripple migration rates, and thereby the bed load, are predicted within the correct order of magnitude for a wide range of wave–current conditions.  相似文献   

The pulsating DA white dwarf star EC 14012−1446: results from four epochs of time-resolved photometry     

G. Handler  E. Romero-Colmenero  J. L. Provencal  K. Sanchawala  M. A. Wood  I. Silver  W.-P. Chen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,388(3):1444-1456

The pulsating DA white dwarfs are the coolest degenerate stars that undergo self-driven oscillations. Understanding their interior structure will help us to understand the previous evolution of the star. To this end, we report the analysis of more than 200 h of time-resolved CCD photometry of the pulsating DA white dwarf star EC 14012−1446 acquired during four observing epochs in three different years, including a coordinated three-site campaign. A total of 19 independent frequencies in the star's light variations together with 148 combination signals up to fifth order could be detected. We are unable to obtain the period spacing of the normal modes and therefore a mass estimate of the star, but we infer a fairly short rotation period of  0.61 ±0.03 d  , assuming the rotationally split modes are  ℓ= 1  . The pulsation modes of the star undergo amplitude and frequency variations, in the sense that modes with higher radial overtone show more pronounced variability and that amplitude changes are always accompanied by frequency variations. Most of the second-order combination frequencies detected have amplitudes that are a function of their parent mode amplitudes, but we found a few cases of possible resonantly excited modes. We point out the complications in the analysis and interpretation of data sets of pulsating white dwarfs that are affected by combination frequencies of the form   f _A + f _B − f _C   intruding into the frequency range of the independent modes.  相似文献   

Detection of high-energy solar neutrons and protons by ground level detectors on April 15, 2001     

Y. Muraki  Y. Matsubara  S. Masuda  S. Sakakibara  T. Sako  K. Watanabe  R. Bütikofer  E.O. Flückiger  A. Chilingarian  G. Hovsepyan  F. Kakimoto  T. Terasawa  Y. Tsunesada  H. Tokuno  A. Velarde  P. Evenson  J. Poirier  T. Sakai 《Astroparticle Physics》2008,29(4):229-242

In association with the large solar flare of April 15, 2001, the Chacaltaya neutron monitor observed a 3.6σ enhancement of the counting rate between 13:51 and 14:15 UT. Since the enhancement was observed beginning 11 min before the GLE, solar neutrons must be involved in this enhancement. The integral energy spectrum of solar neutrons can be expressed by a simple power law in energy with the index γ=-3.0±1.0. On the other hand, an integral energy spectrum of solar protons has been obtained in the energy range between 650 MeV and 12 GeV. The spectrum can also be expressed by a power law with the power index γ=-2.75±0.15. The flux of solar protons observed at Chacaltaya (at 12 GeV) was already one order less than the flux of the galactic cosmic rays. It may be the first simultaneous observation of the energy spectra of both high-energy protons and neutrons. Comparing the Yohkoh soft X-ray telescope images with the observed particle time profiles, an interesting picture of the particle acceleration mechanism has been deduced.  相似文献   

Micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of fine‐grained,shock‐metamorphosed rock fragments from the Australasian microtektite layer     

Billy P. GLASS  Marc FRIES 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2008,43(9):1487-1496

Abstract— –Shock‐metamorphosed rock fragments have been found in the Australasian microtektite layer from the South China Sea. Previous X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies indicate that the most abundant crystalline phases in the rock fragments are coesite, quartz, and a 10 Å phase (mica/clay?). In addition, the presence of numerous other phases was suggested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis. In the present research, ten of the rock fragments, which had previously been studied using SEM/EDX, were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The presence of K‐feldspar, plagioclase, rutile, ilmenite, titanite, magnetite, calcite, and dolomite were confirmed. In addition, the high‐pressure TiO₂ polymorph with an α‐PbO₂ structure (i.e., TiO₂II) was found in several rock fragments. Two grains previously thought to have been zircon, based on their compositions, were found to have Raman spectra that do not match the Raman spectra of zircon, reidite, or any of the possible decomposition products of zircon or their high‐pressure polymorphs. We speculate that the ZrSiO₄ phase might be a previously unknown high‐pressure polymorph of zircon or one of its decomposition products (i.e., ZrO₂ or SiO₂). The presence of coesite and TiO₂ II, and partial melting and vesiculation suggest that the rock fragments containing the unknown ZrSiO₄ phase must have experienced shock pressures between 45 and 60 GPa. We conclude that micro‐Raman spectroscopy, in combination with XRD and SEM/EDX, is a powerful tool for the study of small, fine‐grained impact ejecta.  相似文献   

Biogeochemical cycling of selenium in Chinese environments     

《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(11-12):1345-1351

The biogeochemical cycling and chemical transformation of Se in Chinese environments is reviewed, especially with regard to the formation of low-Se environments. The occurrence, distribution, concentration and flux of Se in Chinese environments are reported in comparison to those in the rest of the world. Low-Se regions in China can be classified into 4 categories. In the NE, organic matter in the soil affects bioavailability of Se in soil. In the Huabei plain, the concentration of soil Se is strongly influenced by leaching and hydrological transport processes and Se deficient regions are mostly located on the hill-slopes due to leaching. In the Loessial Plateau, low-Se soils have developed on the low-Se parent material with a very low flux of Se between soil and plants. Low-Se regions in the SW have soils derived from weathered materials of lower Se contents. Both the lowest and highest concentrations and the flux of Se in environments are reported for China.  相似文献   

Mercury in the Southern North Sea and Scheldt estuary     

《Marine Chemistry》2001,75(3):229-248

Dissolved and particulate mercury and methylmercury concentrations were determined in the Southern Bight of the North Sea and the Scheldt estuary in the period 1991–1999. Mercury and methylmercury concentrations are higher before 1995 than after 1995, especially in the fluvial part.The North Sea: In the offshore stations, dissolved Hg concentrations are generally higher in winter than in summer while the reverse is true for particulate Hg K_D values (K_D=the concentration of particulate Hg (Hg_P in pmol kg⁻¹) divided by the concentration of dissolved Hg (Hg_D in pmol l⁻¹)) range from 100,000 to 1000,000 l kg⁻¹. Dissolved methylmercury concentrations vary from 0.05 to 0.25 pmol l⁻¹ in summer and from d.l. to 0.23 pmol l⁻¹ in winter and particulate methylmercury concentrations from 1.8 to 36 pmol g⁻¹ in summer and from 0.9 to 21 pmol g⁻¹ in winter. The K_D ranges from 9,000 to 219,000 l kg⁻¹.The Scheldt estuary: In winter, dissolved Hg concentrations are elevated in the upper estuary, decrease exponentially in the low salinity range followed by a very slow decrease towards the mouth. In summer, they are low in the fluvial part, increase in the low salinity range or in the mid-estuary and sometimes show an increase in the lower estuary. Particulate Hg concentrations do not show any seasonal trend.Dissolved MMHg concentrations are much lower in winter, when maximum concentrations are found in the upper estuary, than in summer. In summer, the MMHg concentrations are low at low salinity, they show a first increase in the salinity range from 3 to 12, a decrease in the mid-estuary and a second increase in the lower estuary.The highest particulate MMHg concentrations are found in the upper estuary, while in the lower estuary generally lower and more constant values are observed. The ratio of dissolved MMHg to dissolved Hg (cruise averages between 1.3% and 20%), is higher than the ratio of particulate MMHg to particulate Hg (cruise averages of 0.27–0.90%). The K_D values for MMHg are lower in the summer (30,000–65,000) than in autumn and winter (77,000–114,000).The Scheldt river: In the fluvial part of the Scheldt, dissolved increases in the most upstream stations, while particulate Hg shows no particular pattern. Dissolved MMHg ranges from 0.1 to 0.39 pmol l⁻¹ and particulate MMHg from 3.1 to 43.5 pmol g⁻¹. The MMHg concentrations are comparable to those found in the estuary and no seasonal variations could be observed.  相似文献